Social Awarness in Writing Essay - 653 Words

People are always in a haste when they try to express their feelings verbally, however, in the case of writing those feelings, it becomes a challenge. It takes practice and commitment to improve ones writing; with this class I have been able to do so. Through this class, I have learned skills on how to properly express those feelings. In addition, this class was a big transition from high school, however, it has helped me to improve my writing skills. Even though I have improved, I still have weaknesses that I would hope to improve on in EN 102. However, overall this course not only improved my writing skills but my social awareness. The biggest improvement I have made in this course would be my passion to write again.†¦show more content†¦Grammar has been the most common problem within all my writings since high school. I have practiced reading my papers aloud, read study guides, practice with teachers, however, this aspect of writing has been a downfall for me. Though my p apers may be organized, the lack of strong vocabulary and elimination of common mistakes has been the hindrance of my papers because I do not understand how to improve it. For EN 102, the goal I wish to accomplish are methods on how to improve my grammar. By the end of EN 102 I want to be able to review prior papers, edit and understand as to where I went wrong. I write a lot, however, it is always the same mistakes. I would correct them, however, the mistakes typically occur in different styles, whether comma splice or verb usage. I know what type mistakes are possible to write however, I have a difficult time recognizing those issues. Methods I would use on how to improve my grammar is to find a tutor or by visiting the writing center more often. If I were to focus on the dynamics of writing, maybe I would be able to recognize the mistakes while writing. For example, as I write a sentence, I reread the sentence aloud while reciting the sentence to hear if the sentence flows properly. This strategy works occasionally, however, since it is hard for me to recognize the issue, this strategy does not workShow MoreRelatedTribulations of the Self (Sociology) Essay1067 Words   |  5 Pages/b/centerbrbrThis essay will seek an explanation of what constitutes the tribulations of the self according to Anthony Giddens (1991). In the first part of this paper, I discuss some central ways language has been viewed focusing the review on social constructivist writings as well as those stemming from the study of human development. In the second part of this paper, I discuss data that leads to the reconsideration of aspects of the language - selfhood interface. I conclude by suggesting some future avenuesRead MoreCultural Awarness Of Russia By Ssg Michael Mosley1099 Words   |  5 Pages CULTURAL AWARNESS OF RUSSIA BY SSG MICHAEL MOSLEY SGL. 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The Most Important Of Writers Developed With A New Type Of...

American Modernist writers experimented with a new type of fictional writing in the 1920’s through the 1930’s during and after the war. One of the most important of these writers was John Dos Passos. Dos Passos was a creative novelist where in his writing he analyzed his love/hate relationship with the traditions of American life and consistently questioned the American dream (Wagner-Martin). His full name was John Roderigo Dos Passos. He was born on January 14th, 1896 in Chicago Illinois. His father, John Randolph Dos Passos, was a wealthy lawyer who could afford to give him the best education growing up. In 1907, he was sent to study at the Choate school in Wallingford, Connecticut (Donne). He then went with a private tutor on a six-month tour of France, England, Italy, Greece, and the Middle East in order to study the masters of classic art, architecture, and literature (Donne). In 1913, he attended Harvard University. After he graduation in 1916, he traveled to Spa in to study art and architecture. After that, Dos Passos volunteered as an ambulance driver in World War I. â€Å"Experiences on the Western front confirmed Dos Passos in his belief that the war was a foolish waste† (Badertscher). When World War 1 demanded that writers deal with a world that was being disrupted in many ways, novelists like John Dos Passos changed fiction by creating characters to emphasise the individuals in society. T John Dos Passos used his own experiences in the war to shape his views andShow MoreRelatedAntebellum Period And American History1548 Words   |  7 Pagesand authors. Before the Antebellum period, literature was not original; it was either imported from Europe or inspired by other writings. But America started to create a new type of literature, this type of writings was basically just biographies, autobiographies and history books of the American Revolution heroes. 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The gastrointestinal tract Free Essays

string(84) " the first in vitro study investigating the peristaltic reflex in guinea pig ileum\." ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of 5-HT4 receptor ligands on the peristaltic reflex in the mouse colon. 5-hydroxytryptamine, a neurotransmitter found mainly within the gastrointestinal tract, has been implicated in the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle within this region. The actions of 5-HT are mediated by at least one or more of seven subtype receptors. We will write a custom essay sample on The gastrointestinal tract or any similar topic only for you Order Now The receptor subtype that will be the focus of attention in this study is the 5-HT4 receptor. Segments of the proximal colon obtained from MF1 mice, were cannulated at the anal and aboral ends, and secured horizontally in a water jacketed bath containing oxygenated Krebs solution. The intraluminal distension pressure was controlled by adjusting the elevation of the reservoir, and the volume ejected to the aboral side was recorded and measured via a a pressure transducer and Power Lab system using Chart v4.1.2 software for Windows.. All drugs were administered serosally. Cumulative concentration response curves of 5-HT and tegaserod (agonists) were obtained by adding increasing concentrations of drugs at an interval of 5-15 minutes. The antagonists GR113808 and SB204070 were added to the tissues after regular peristalsis was obtained and allowed to equilibrate for 15 minutes, after which either 5-HT or tegaserod were added cumulatively. All results are expressed as mean ±SEM from number of animals indicated by n. A regular peristalsis was established before the addition of 5-HT (average rate of peristalsis was 77 ±7, n=7. 5-HT facilitated peristalsis at 10-7M and further cumulative addition of 5-HT caused a slow decrease in peristalsis until at 10-4M, rate of peristalsis was inhibited. In all tissues in which peristalsis was inhibited, it recovered once tissue was washed. In the presence of SB204070 and GR113808, there was no significant change in the rate of peristalsis. The addition of tegaserod produced only a slow decrease in peristalsis until peristalsis was abolished in all tissues at 10-4M. The peristalsis abolished by tegaserod could not be re-established in any tissue by washing. In all tissues, it was possible to obtain peristalsis so the effects of drug testing could be established. The addition of the 5-HT4 selective receptor antagonists, SB204070 and GR113808, showed no significant change in the concentration-response curves. The partial 5-HT4 agonist, tegaserod, also did not facilitate peristalsis in the current study. Both these findings suggest that the 5-HT4 receptor is not implicated in the mouse proximal colon INTRODUCTION 1.1 The gastrointestinal tract The digestive system is a vital component of the human body; the overall function being to provide nourishment for over a trillion cells within the body. To be able to do this, the digestive system is specialised to ingest food, propel it through the digestive tract, digest it, and absorb water, electrolytes and other nutrients from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract (Seeley et al, 2006). The absorbed substances are transported to the cells, via the circulatory system, whilst the undigested substances are eliminated from the anus. The digestive system consists of the main digestive tract, a tube extending from the mouth to the anus, as well as its associated component organs and accessory organs, which are primarily glands located outside the digestive tract that secrete fluids into the digestive tract (Seeley et al, 2006). The component organs include the oral cavity (mouth), pharynx (throat), oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. The accessory organs include three pairs of salivary glands, the exocrine pancreas and the exocrine liver. To enable the homoeostatic environment within the body to be maintained, it is vital that the digestive system is functioning efficiently. The large intestine, which consists of the caecum, colon and rectum, has sufficient homeostatic functions, and contributes to the overall stability of the homoeostatic environment within the body. The colon is the central part of the large intestine, and constitutes the last 150cm of the gastrointestinal tract. It i s approximately a 6cm tube, which extends from the ileum to the anus. Its main function is to store faecal material and regulate its release into the external environment (Smith et al, 2006). It also produces a thick mucous secretion, which lubricates the passage of faecal material during defecation. The gastrointestinal tract of a mouse consists of the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The mouse colon is similar to the human colon, consisting of the ascending, transverse and descending parts but lacking the sigmoid part (Cook, 1965). http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/G/GITract.html The main physiological processes of the digestive system are digestion, absorption, motility, secretion, and excretion. Digestion involves the breakdown of larger molecules to smaller ones (i.e. glucose and amino acids) to allow efficient utilisation and absorption of these molecules. The ingested material and secretions are transported across the epithelial cell membrane, mainly within the small intestine. Subsequently, the transported molecules enter the circulation; a central physiological process of the digestive system. The gastrointestinal tract is approximately a 15 feet long tube, and food must be moved along it to reach the correct sites for digestion, mixing and absorption (Smith et al, 2001). This process, known as peristalsis, is aided by the smooth muscle lining the tract, which contracts and relaxes mixing the ingested material, whilst at the same time propelling it through the tract. Propulsion of the intestinal contents is a crucial part of digestion that depends on the coordinated activity of circular and longitudinal smooth muscles brought about by the peristaltic reflex (Shiinaa et al, 2005). The peristaltic reflex is initiated by either stimulation of the gastrointestinal mucosa or by stretching of the intestinal wall, resulting in a circular contraction behind the stimulus and an area of relaxation in front of it (Shiinaa et al, 2005). This wave of contraction moves in the oral-anal direction, and subsequently propels the contents within the lumen forward. The reflex is co-ordinated by the intramural nerve plexuses within the intestine and so, can be obtained even in the isolated tissues. Many studies investigating the mechanisms which mediate intestinal motility have predominantly focused on peristalsis. Trendelengburg (1917) carried out the first in vitro study investigating the peristaltic reflex in guinea pig ileum. You read "The gastrointestinal tract" in category "Essay examples" Within the ileum, the reflex was found to consist of contractions of both the longitudinal and circular muscles that were both regular as well as coordinated. The increase in intraluminal pressure, which causes the ileum to distend, is followed by an increase in longitudinal muscle contraction, and subsequently, by an increase in circular muscle contraction, which propels the contents towards the anal section (Trendelengburg, 1917). Gastrointestinal disorders are a common problem in today’s society, and many lead to long term diseases and even morbidity, as well as having a negative impact on healthcare costs (Crowell et al, 2004) However, due to the complexity and the differing functions of the various organs of the GI tract, the treatment of disorders within the tract is a very complex task and has not, as of yet, been fully understood. Diseases of the colon can lead to a whole host of illnesses, including diarrhoea, constipation, Crohn’s disease, Inflammatory Bowel disease, Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), and many more. Symptoms occurring outside of the GI tract, in particular symptoms associated with ibs, including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia, have been related to the morbidity of such disorders. It has been suggested by research, that altered levels of the neurotransmitter, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), may lead to both intestinal and extra intestinal symptoms in IBS, as well as being implicated in other functional bowel diseases It is therefore important that further studies are carried investigating the link between 5-hydroxytryptamine and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to further understand the pathogenesis of these disorders, so that new, more effective treatments can be formulated. 1.25-hydroxytryptamine 5-hydroxytryptamine, also more commonly referred to as serotonin, is a monoamine neurotransmitter, and is predominantly synthesised, stored and released in the enterchromaffin cells of the intestinal mucosa (Costedio et al, 2007). According to Gershon et al (1965), 5-HT is synthesised through the action of two tryptophan hydroxylases, TpH1 and TpH2, which are found within the enterochromaffin cells and neurons. Approximately 95% of all mammalian 5-hydroxytryptamine is found within the gastrointestinal tract (Sanger, G.J, 2008) 5-HT initiates the peristaltic and secretory reflex, and transmits information to the central nervous system, by activating both the intrinsic and extrinsic primary afferent neurones (Sikandar et al 2009). It can also modulate a wide range of biological processes such as mood, cognition, perception, feeding behaviour, smooth muscle contractility, and platelet aggregation (Setola et al, 2003). Within the guinea pig ileum, 5-HT has been found to cause both facilitation and inhibition of peristalsis (Tuladhar et al), and has been found to facilitate peristalsis, when added serosally in the marmoset ileum (Tuladhar et al, 1996). The actions of 5-HT, particularly contraction or relaxation responses, are mediated by at least one or more of seven subtype receptors (Setola et al, 2003), ranging from 5-HT1 to 5-HT7. 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors have been further subdivided, as can be seen in figure 2.With the exception of the 5-HT3 receptor, the other receptors are, at molecular level, G protein couple metabotropic receptors which span the membrane. The 5-HT3 receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel (Barnes et al, 1999). Many 5-HT receptors can now be associated with various physiological responses, ranging from modulation of neuronal activity and transmitter release to behavioural change (Barnes et al, 1999). Receptor Subtype Transduction Mechanism Localization Function Specific Agonists Specific Antagonists 5-HT1AvAC (Gi/o)Limbic system (hippocampus, lateral septum, cortical areas), mesencephalic raphe nucleiHyperpolarization, modulation of neurotransmitter release, anxiolysis, hypothermia, hyperphagiaXaliprofen (2491) S 14506 (1771) Ipsapirone (1869) BP 554 (0556) U 92016A (2739) Tandospirone (2854)*MM 77 (0933) NAN-190 (0553) Spiroxatrine (0631) (S)-WAY 100135 (1253) 5-HT1BvAC (Gi/o)Basal ganglia, striatum, amygdala, trigeminal ganglion, vascular smooth muscleAutoreceptor, locomotion, hypophagia, hypothermia, modulation of neurotransmitter release, vasoconstrictionCGS 12066B (0638) CP 93129 (1032) CP 94253 (1317) 5-Nonyloxytryptamine (0901)GR 55562 (1054) Isamoltane (0992) SB 224289 (1221) NAS-181 (1413) 5-HT1DvAC (Gi/o)Basal ganglia, hippocampus, cortex, spinal cord, vascular smooth muscleAutoreceptor, modulation of neurotransmitter releaseL-694,247 (0781) GR 46611 (0864) PNU 109291 (2556) PNU 142633 (1985)BRL 15572 (1207) Cyanopindolol (0993) LY 310762 (3078) 5-ht1EvAC (Gi/o)Cortex, caudate putamen, claustrum, hippocampus, amygdalaUnknownBRL 54443 (1129)– 5-HT1FvAC (Gi/o)Hippocampus, cortex, dorsal raphe nucleus, uterusSpeculative role in visual and cognitive functionBRL 5443 (1129) LY 344864 (2451) LY 334370 (3079)– 5-HT2A^ PLCForebrain, caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, olfactory tubercle, vascular smooth muscle, blood plateletsNeuronal depolarization, head twitch, hyperthermia, modulation of neurotransmitter release smooth muscle contraction, platelet activationTBC-2 (2592)R-96544(1742) Spiperone (0995) MDL 11,939 (0870) 4F 4PP (0523) Risperidone (2865) 5-HT2B^ PLCBrain, stomach fundus (rat), gut, heart, kidney, lungContraction of the stomach fundus, anxietyBW 723C86 (1059)SB 204741 (1372) LY 272015 (3077) 5-HT2C^ PLCChoroid plexus, cortex, limbic system, basal gangliaHypolocomotion, hypophagia, penile erection, hyperthermia, anxiety, v noradrenalin and dopamine releaseMK 212 (0941) Ro 60-0175 (1854) WAY 161503 (1801) CP 809101 (3041) 1-Methylpsilocin (3017)N-Desmethylclozapine (1007) RS 102221 (1050) SB 242084 (2901) 5-HT3Ion channel (Na+, K+, Ca2+)Dorsal vagal complex, hippocampus, amygdala, caudate, cerebral cortex, heart, intestinesAnxiety, cognition, pain , reward/withdrawal, vomiting reflex, vasodilation, intestinal tone and secretionSR 57227 (1205) Quipazine (0629) 1-phenylbiguanide (0969) m-chlorophenylbiguanide (0440)MDL 72222 (0640) Tropisetron (2459) Y-25130 (0380) Ondansetron (2891) Granisetron (2903) 5-HT4^ AC (Gs)Cerebral cortex, limbic areas, hippocampus, colliculus, intestinesLearning and memory, visual perception, anxiety, motor coordination, arousal, smooth muscle relaxation, modulation of neurotransmitter releaseCisapride (1695) RS 67333 (0989)* RS 67506 (0990)* CJ 033466 (3089)*GR 113808 (1322) GR 125487 (1658) RS 39604 (0991) RS 23597-190 (0728) 5-ht5Av AC (Gi/o)Amygdala, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus, substantia nigra, spinal cordModulation of exploratory behavior and locomotion–SB 699551 (3188) 5-HT6^ AC (Gs)Striatum, olfactory tubercles, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, stomach, adrenal glandsMemory and learning, modulation of neurotransmitter release5-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (0558) EMD 386088 (2382)SB 258585 (1961) Ro 47-1816/001 (2911) SB 399885 (3189) NPS ALX Compound 4a (3285) 5-HT7^ AC (Gs)Thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, amygdala, GI and vascular smooth muscle, heartCircadian rhythms, smooth muscle relaxation, nociception, hypotension, modulation of REM sleep, learning and memory, LH releaseAS 19 (1968) LP 44 (2534) LP 12 (2925)Pimozide (0937) SB 269970 (1612) SB 259719 (2726) Figure 2: A table summarising the properties of 5-HT receptors and subtypes (http://www.tocris.com/pharmacologicalBrowser.php?ItemId=5101) 1.3 5-HT4 receptor subtype The receptor subtype that will be the focus of attention in this study is the 5-HT4 receptor subtype. These receptors are located primarily in the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic systems and smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract, and play a role in gastrointestinal motility (Craig Clark, 1989), as well as in anxiety, visual perception, memory and learning. The 5-HT4 receptors on intrinsic primary and afferent neurones, are activated by endogenous serotonin released from enterchromaffin cells, in response to mechanical or chemical stimuli. These neurons release transmitters such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), activating interneurons which in turn stimulate excitatory neurons on the orad side of the mucosal stimulus and stimulate inhibitory neurons on the caudad side (Ji et al, 2004). Subsequently, this results in peristaltic reflexes occurring at the site of the originating stimuli. The effect of 5-HT4 receptor modulated peristalsis has been found in guinea pig ileum (Tuladhar, 1994; Tuladhar et al, 1995). Also, stimulation of 5-HT4 receptors have been reported to enhance the peristaltic reflex in the rat distal colon (Kadowaki et al, 2002). 5-HT4 receptor agonists, such as tegaserod and 5-HT, stimulate gastrointestinal motility and secretion through release of acetylcholine from excitatory neurones. It is important to note that 5-HT4 agonists strengthen, rather than directly activate the peristaltic reflexes 1.45-HT4 receptor agonists and antagonists The 5-HT4 receptor agonists that will be focus of this study will be tegaserod and 5-hydroxytryptamine (as mentioned above), and antagonists will be GR113808 and SB204070. Tegaserod [3-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-ylmethylene)- N-pentyl-carbazimidamide] hydrogen maleate, is a partial 5-HT4 agonist that has been implicated in gastro-intestinal motility. In the guinea pig ileum, tegaserod was found to stimulate peristalsis by increasing the number of circular muscle contractions (Ji et al, 2004). It has been used in the treatment of symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, including abdominal pain, bloating and constipation (Muller-Lissner et al, 2001). The responses mediated by 5-HT4 receptors have been greatly facilitated by a number of highly selective antagonists e.g. GR113808, SB204070 SB204070 (1-Butyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl-8-amino-7-chloro-1,4-benzodioxane-5-carboxylate hydrochloride) is a selective 5-HT4 serotonin receptor antagonist. In the guinea pig distal colon, SB204070 was found to antagonize 5-HT4 receptor mediated-contractions Although the nature of the antagonism is quite complex, it has been suggested that SB204070 acts has a pseudo-irreversible antagonist (Wardle et al, 1994). GR113808 (1-methyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid, [1-[2-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]ethyl] -4-piperidinyl]methyl ester) is a potent, selective 5-HT4 receptor antagonist. In the guinea-pig ascending colon, GR113808 behaved as an antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine -induced contraction, with a high affinity for the 5-HT4 receptor (Gale et al, 1994). 1.3Aims of the study The aims of our investigation were to investigate whether 5-HT4 receptor ligands were able to modulate the peristaltic reflex within the mouse proximal colon. This study also allowed us to investigate the effect of pharmacological manipulations that have been designed to study the role of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the peristaltic reflex within this region of the intestine. This study was undertaken using a range of 5-HT4 receptor agonists and antagonists. METHOD 2.1 Krebs solution The Krebs-Heinslet solution was prepared at the start of the experiment. To prepare one litre of the solution, 2.1g of sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) and 2g of glucose were dissolved in 300ml of dissolved water. 40ml of the Krebs-Heinslet concentration was added to the solution, and the preparation was made up to 1 litre using distilled water. It was found that 5 litres was an adequate volume for the experiment, therefore this was prepared by multiplying each quantity by 5. The marriotte bottle containing the Krebs-Heinslet solution was attached to the apparatus, and used to wash out each organ bath three times, and then added to the required level. 2.2 Preparation of the tissue The experiment was carried out using MF1 mice. The animals were killed by cervical dislocation, and the GI tract was removed. Segments of the proximal colon (approx. 2-3cm) were carefully dissected on a polystyrene board, taking care not to puncture the colon and to disturb it as little as possible. This section was then quickly transferred to the water jacketed glass bath, which contained Krebs-Heinslet solution aerated with 95% oxygen and 5% CO2, and maintained at 37OC. This was to prevent hypoxia of the tissue and abnormal temperature. All tissues were equilibrated for at least 20 minutes prior to the start of the experiment. The oral end of the proximal colon was cannulated to the inflow glass tube, which was connected to the reservoir containing saline solution, and secured with thread. The intraluminal contents of the colon were allowed to expel naturally via peristalsis, brought about by the raising of the height of the reservoir by 4cm. After the contents had been expelled, the reservoir was lowered and the aboral end was then cannulated to the opposing outflow glass tube. The tissue was then left to equilibrate for at least 20 minutes prior to the start of the experiment. Finally, to induce peristalsis, the intraluminal pressure was raised, by raising the reservoir by 4cm for at least 15 minutes, until peristalsis became regular and the drugs could be administered; the height of the reservoir needed to achieve steady peristalsis was determined in preliminary experiments. 2.3 Experimental preparation The outflow tube was connected, via a plastic tube, to a T glass tube, which was open to the atmosphere. Changes to the volume of fluid driven into this vertical tube during peristalsis were measured as a pressure changes, and recorded using pressure transducers connected to a quad bridge amplifier and Power Lab system using Chart v4.1.2 software for Windows. Before the proximal colon was cannulated, the computer software was calibrated to zero, and set to commence recording. Figure 3: A schematic diagram representing apparatus used to study peristalsis in mouse proximal colon. The peristalsis trace on the power lab software was recorded as a series of peaks and troughs. During peristalsis the peaks were formed when the tissue contracted, and the troughs formed when the tissue relaxed. This cycle was repeated with each peristaltic stroke. 2.4 Administration of drugs After regular peristalsis had been established, the drugs could be administered serosally. A cumulative response curve for the agonist tegaserod was obtained by adding increasing concentrations of tegaserod (0.01 µM– 10 µM). In the preliminary experiments, it was found that tegaserod 10-2M did not allow the tissue to exhibit peristalsis sufficiently, and was too potent, therefore the highest concentration used was 10-3M. Each concentration had a 15 minute contact time with the tissue before the next concentration was administered. The volume ejected and the rate of peristalsis was measured and recorded. Changes to the rate of peristalsis were then compared to the control values obtained 15 minutes prior to administering the first drug. In the preliminary experiments, it was found that washing the tissue between each drug administration had a negative effect on peristalsis, and subsequently the tissue didn’t recover. Therefore drugs were administered continuously wit hout washout. This process was repeated with the agonist, 5-HT, with concentrations ranging from 0.1 µM-100 µM. To examine the effects of GR113808 and SB204070 (antagonists) on 5-HT and tegaserod responses, either antagonist was added to the tissues after regular peristalsis was obtained and allowed to equilibrate for 15 minutes, after which either 5-HT or tegaserod were added cumulatively and their effects on peristalsis were measured as described above 2.5 Statistical analysis All results are expressed as mean ±SEM from number of animals indicated by n. The difference between the values was determined by using the unpaired t test when two groups were compared and using the one way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s PLSD when more than two groups were compared. 2.6Consideration of safety issues The chemicals used within this investigation were obtained from Tocris bioscience. To ensure the safety of all members of the group throughout the duration of the investigation, a chemical risk assessment form (COSHH) was formulated and signed by all members. This form highlighted all the chemicals that were to be used throughout the experiment, and the risks and precautions associated with each of them. It was ensured that the precautions were adhered to at all stages of the experiment, and general laboratory regulations were also put into place i.e. no eating or drinking in labs, wearing a lab coat etc. RESULTS The peristaltic reflex was investigated within the mouse proximal colon. Segments of the proximal colon (approximately 3cm in length) were cannulated in vitro, and regular peristalsis was achieved by raising of the intraluminal pressure. Peristalsis was distinguished as circular muscle contractions arising from the oral side and travelling to the anal side. The proximal part of the colon was distinguished from the distal part by striations across the surface, and also by it containing softer faecal pellets 3.1 The effects of 5-HT on the peristaltic reflex in the mouse proximal colon A regular peristalsis was established before the addition of 5-HT (average rate of peristalsis was 77 ±7, n=7). The fluid was ejected from the oral to anal direction. The addition of 5-HT 10-7M caused a significant increase in the rate of peristalsis. At this concentration the rate of peristalsis was 101  ± 8, n=7, which was a substantial increase from the control value. Further cumulative addition of 5-HT caused a slow decrease in peristalsis until at 10-4M, rate of peristalsis, at 56  ± 19, n=7 , was lower than the control at the beginning. In all tissues in which peristalsis was inhibited, it recovered once tissue was washed. 3.2 The effects of the 5-HT4 receptor antagonist, SB204070, on the cumulative addition of 5-HT on the peristaltic reflex in the mouse proximal colon 3.3 The effects of tegaserod on the peristaltic reflex in the mouse proximal colon 3.4The effects of the 5-HT4 receptor antagonist, GR113808, on the cumulative addition Tegaserod on the peristaltic reflex in the mouse proximal colon DISCUSSION Gastrointestinal disorders within humans and animals have become much more common, and as such more effective treatments need to be formulated. Research has implicated 5-hydroxytryptamine within these disorders, and thus the 5-HT receptors, which are involved in gastrointestinal motility, are potential targets for treating such disorders. The present investigation was designed to study the peristaltic reflex within the mouse proximal colon, and further, to investigate the 5-HT4 receptor, which has been found to modulate peristalsis in the guinea pig ileum (Tuladhar et al., 1995). Peristalsis is the principle mechanism controlling the movement of chyme within the intestine, and takes place without the conscious control. The nervous pathway of the peristaltic reflex is entirely intrinsic (Bulbring et al,1958), and therefore we can obtain this reflex even in isolated tissues. The method used to study peristalsis was similar to the one used by Trendelengburg (1917), in which the peristaltic reflex was triggered by raising of the intraluminal pressure, allowing the measurement of different parameters of peristalsis, including the rate of peristaltic stokes and the volume of intraluminal fluid ejected to the anal side with each peristaltic stroke. Within the present study, regular peristalsis was obtained so the effects of the 5-HT4 receptor ligands could be established. Craig and Clarke (1991) suggested that the 5-HT4 receptors had a facilitatory effect on 5-HT in the guinea-pig ileum and this was further confirmed by Tuladhar et al (1993). However, this finding was not reciprocated within the mouse proximal colon. Cumulative addition of 5-HT produced facilitation of peristalsis within the mouse proximal colon, characterised by an increase in the number of peristaltic strokes per hour and thus the rate of peristalsis at 10-7M.. This facilitation was observed at concentrations up until10 -4M, where inhibition of peristalsis was observed. At this concentration, 5-HT desensitised the tissues so no further peristalsis could be established. However, peristalsis was re-established in 6 out of the 7 tissues after washing of the tissues. This facilitatory and inhibitory effect of 5-HT was also observed in various studies carried out by Tuladhar et al, Bulbring Crema (1958) and others. Therefore, this study has shown that the addition of 5-HT in vitro can modulate peristalsis within the mouse proximal colon. At lower concentrations, 5-HT facilitates peristalsis, whereas at higher concentrations 5-HT can both facilitate and inhibit peristalsis. In the present study both GR113808 and SB204070 failed to affect the facilitatory effect of 5-HT in the mouse proximal colon. GR113808 and SB204070 are both highly potent 5-HT4 receptor antagonists (Gale et al., 1994; Wardle et al., 1994). This suggests that the 5-HT4 receptor is not implicated within the mouse proximal; had it been implicated both SB204070 and GR113808 would have antagonised the 5-HT4 receptor mediated contractions, and there would have been a significant decrease in the rate of peristalsis. This is in contrast to the findings by Costall et al (1993), where the 5-HT4 receptor was implicated in the guinea pig ileum, in which it exhibited a facilitatory effect on 5-HT. In the guinea-pig ileum tegaserod has also been shown to facilitate peristalsis ( Ji et al, 2004 ), which was not observed in the current study. This further suggests that the 5-HT4 receptor is not implicated within the mouse proximal colon; as tegaserod is a partial 5-HT4 agonist, had 5-HT4 receptor been implicated, facilitation of peristalsis would have been observed. The inhibitory effect of 5-HT on peristalsis has been reported to involve the 5-HT7 receptor (Tuladhar et al, 2003). Further studies are required to examine the receptor involved in the inhibitory effect of 5-HT in the mouse colon and to examine whether 5-HT7 receptors are involved. It is interesting to note that the inhibitory effect of tegaserod could involve a completely different mechanism as peristalsis could not be recovered by washing in any tissue, in contrast with 5-HT. In conclusion, the current study has shown that 5-HT can both facilitate and inhibit peristalsis. However, the 5-HT receptors mediating these effects are likely to be different from the ones involved in the modulation of peristalsis in the guinea-pig ileum. Further studies are required to establish the receptors involved. REFERENCES ARBAB SIKANDERA, S. V. R., A, AND KAUSHAL KISHOR PRASADA (2009). Role of serotonin in gastrointestinal motility and irritable bowel syndrome. Clinica Chimica Acta, 403, 47-55 BARNES, N. M. SHARP, T. (1999). A review of central 5-HT receptors and their function. Neuropharmacology, 38, 1083-1152. BULBRING, E., LIN RC (1958)The effect of intraluminal application of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptophan on peristalsis; the local production of 5-HT and its release in relation to intraluminal pressure and propulsive activity. J Physiol 2006 Aug 15;575(Pt 1):1-2. COOK, M. J. (1965) The anatomy of the laboratory mouse. London (New York): Academic Press. COSTEDIO, M., HYMAN, N. MAWE, G. (2007). Serotonin and Its Role in Colonic Function and in Gastrointestinal Disorders. Diseases of the Colon Rectum, 50, 376-388. CRAIG, D. A. CLARKE, D. E. 1990. Pharmacological characterization of a neuronal receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine in guinea pig ileum with properties similar to the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 252, 1378-1386. CROWELL, M. D. 2004. Role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of the irritable bowel syndrome. British journal of pharmacology, 141, 1285-93. GALE, J. D., GROSSMAN, C. J., WHITEHEAD, J. W., OXFORD, A. W., BUNCE, K. T. HUMPHREY, P. P. (1994). GR113808: a novel, selective antagonist with high affinity at the 5-HT4 receptor. British journal of pharmacology, 111, 332-8. GERSHON, M. D., DRAKONTIDES, A. B. ROSS, L. L. 1965. Serotonin: Synthesis and Release from the Myenteric Plexus of the Mouse Intestine. Science, 149, 197-9. JI, S. W., PARK, H., CHUNG, J. P., LEE, S. I. LEE, Y. H. 2004. Effects of tegaserod on ileal peristalsis of guinea pig in vitro. Journal of pharmacological sciences, 94, 144-52. Kadowaki, M., Wang, X.B., Shimatani, H., Yoneda, S. Takaki, M. (2002). 5-HT4 receptor enhances the propulsive power of the peristaltic reflex in the rat distal colon. Naunyn-Schmied. Arch. Pharmacol, 99, 62-65. MARGARET E. SMITH, D. G. M. (2001). The digestive system- Basic science and clinical conditions, Elsevier ltd. MULLER-LISSNER, S. A. (2001) Tegaserod, a 5-HT(4) receptor partial agonist, relieves symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome patients with abdominal pain, bloating and constipation Aliment Pharmacol Ther ROD R. SEELEY, T. D. S., PHILIPSTATE(2006). Anatomy and physiology. McGraw Hill Higher Education SANGER, G. J. (2008). 5-hydroxytryptamine and the gastrointestinal tract: where nextTrends in pharmacological sciences, 29, 465-71. SETOLA, V. ROTH, B. L. (2003). Why Mice Are Neither Miniature Humans nor Small Rats: A Cautionary Tale Involving 5-Hydroxytryptamine-6 Serotonin Receptor Species Variants. Molecular Pharmacology, 64, 1277-1278. SHIINA, T., SHIMIZU, Y., SUZUKI, Y., NIKAMI, H. TAKEWAKI, T. (2005). Measurement of the propelled liquid by isolated hamster ileum as a parameter to evaluate peristalsis. European Journal of Pharmacology, 517, 120-126. SIKANDER, A., RANA, S. V. PRASAD, K. K. (2009). Role of serotonin in gastrointestinal motility and irritable bowel syndrome. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry, 403, 47-55. TULADHAR, B.R., COSTALL, B. NAYLOR, R.J. (1995). Evidence of a 5-Ht3 Receptor-Mediated Facilitation of the Emptying Phase of the Peristaltic Reflex in the Isolated Guinea-Pig Ileum. Br J Pharmacol, 114, P374-P374. TULADHAR, B.R., COSTALL, B. NAYLOR, R.J. (2002). Modulation of 5-HT4 receptor function in the rat isolated ileum by fluoxetine: the involvement of endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine. Br J Pharmacol, 136, 150-6. TULADHAR B.R (2003) 5-HT7 receptors mediate the inhibitory effect of 5-HT on peristalsis in the isolated guinea-pig ileum. Br J Pharmacol WARDLE, K. A., ELLIS, E. S., BAXTER, G. S., KENNETT, G. A., GASTER, L. M. SANGER, G. J. (1994). The effects of SB 204070, a highly potent and selective 5-HT4 receptor antagonist, on guinea-pig distal colon. British journal of pharmacology, 112, 789-94. HTTP://WWW.TOCRIS.COM/PHARMACOLOGICALBROWSER.PHP?ITEMID=5115. APPENDIX Table 1: 5-HT alone S.No -log C (M) RATE OF PERISTALSIS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 AVG SEM N 1 Before58.7 56.9 71.6 114.9 73.9 77.1 82.2 77 7 7 2 7.00 126.8 77.6 95.1 115.3 119.4 76.8 95.6 101 8 7 3 6.00 120.4 58.1 77.3 102.7 127.7 92.1 70.2 93 10 7 4 5.00 42.9 26.1 61.9 104.5 93.0 67.9 93.7 70 11 7 5 4.00 0.0 0.0 37.9 105.7 113.7 29.8 105.0 56 19 7 Table 1 shows the rate of peristalsis after adding the agonist,5-HT 10-8 – 10-4 M, to mouse proximal colon. The values are expressed as mean ±SEM. Table 2: 5-HT in the presence of SB204070 S.No -log C (M) RATE OF PERISTALSIS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 AVG SEM N 1 SB-204070 7.00 79.4 129.3 44.1 31.2 101.6 79.2 82.8 78.2 12.4 7 2 5-HT 5.00 149.9 124.6 71.3 30.2 102.7 58.8 95.1 90.4 15.3 7 3 5HT 4.00 113.8 132.2 19.7 27.9 96.3 51.2 130.3 81.6 18.1 7 4 5HT 3.00 90.8 114.9 23.0 25.9 99.2 77.2 0.0 61.6 16.8 7 5 5HT 2.00 0.0 122.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 55.8 0.0 25.4 17.9 7 Table 2 shows the rate of peristalsis after adding 5-HT 10-5 – 10-2 in the presence of the 5-HT4 antagonist, SB204070 10-7M, to the mouse proximal colon. The values are expressed as mean ±SEM. Table 3: Tegaserod alone S.No -logC (M) RATE OF PERISTALSIS 1 2 3 4 5 AVG SEM N 1 Before 42.6 45.6 151.3 45.6 116.6 80.322.5 5 2 8.00 40.9 40.9 127.3 41.3 123.0 74.7 20.6 5 3 7.00 38.7 35.2 107.4 32.6 0.0 42.8 17.5 5 4 6.00 31.1 38.1 97.9 27.9 123.3 63.7 19.6 5 5 5.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 45.4 9.0 9.0 5 Table 3 shows the rate of peristalsis after adding the agonist, tegaserod 10-8 – 10-5 M, to mouse proximal colon. The values are expressed as mean ±SEM. Table 4: Tegaserod in the presence of SB204070 S.No -logC (M) RATE OF PERISTALSIS 1 2 3 4 5 AVG SEM N 1 BEFORE 99.4 107.5 121.2 124.3 105.4 111.5 4.7 5 2 SB-204070 7.00 64.5 98.1 65.1 59.8 53.6 68.2 7.7 5 3 Tegaserod 8.00 100.1 105.8 91.3 110.8 54.3 92.5 10.0 5 4 Tegaserod 7.00 107.3 122.2 74.5 72.5 59.7 87.3 11.7 5 5 Tegaserod 6.00 111.4 113.4 99.2 90.5 83.799.6 5.7 5 6 Tegaserod 5.00 0.00.0 104.9 213.4 75.7 78.8 39.5 5 Table 4 shows the rate of peristalsis after adding tegaserod 10-8 – 10-5 in the presence of the 5-HT4 antagonist, SB204070 10-7M, to the mouse proximal colon. The values are expressed as mean ±SEM. Table 5: Tegaserod in the presence of GR113808 S.No -logC (M) RATE OF PERISTALSIS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 AVG SEM N 1 BEFORE 33.0 108.2 129.9 50.7 31.9 34.1 35.0 64.8 17.6 7 2 GR113808 6.00 15.6 82.6 121.6 47.6 25.2 18.4 19.6 52.0 17.2 7 3 Tegaserod 8.00 37.8 267.2 105.9 48.0 22.2 26.12 21.5 75.5 33.8 7 4 Tegaserod 7.00 71.3 339.7 112.2 49.7 17.4 24.00 9.2 89.0 43.9 7 5 Tegaserod 6.00 74.4 277.4 49.0 37.2 19.9 14.53 0.0 67.4 36.2 7 6 Tegaserod 5.00 20.1 0.0 0.0 30.7 -1.5 10.02 0.0 8.4 4.7 7 Table 5 shows the rate of peristalsis after adding tegaserod 10-8 – 10-5 in the presence of the 5-HT4 antagonist, GR11380810-6M, to the mouse proximal colon. The values are expressed as mean ±SEM. How to cite The gastrointestinal tract, Essay examples

Policing Funtions Paper free essay sample

Because each agency has their distinct aspects in their work, this paper will provide a detailed summary of the local, state, and federal law enforcement, and a mammary of possible future changes in laws and the impact these changes will have on policing. Local Law Enforcement Local Law enforcement are in the Jurisdiction within the city limits of their state, and are responsible for patrolling areas directed to them to prevent crimes. Local law enforcement enforces traffic and criminal laws within their Jurisdiction. These men and women of law risk their lives every day; they know the dangers of their job.Depending where in the city they patrol by foot, patrol car, and a motorcycle. Their I OFF robberies, or any misdemeanors or felony crimes. As part of their Job when they are called in for crime scenes they do conduct investigations that include gathering evidence, making arrests, and speaking with potential witnesses. The police officers do have their chief in command who they vote for which is called the Chief of Police, their Job is to make sure his or her officers are committing to their Job, and are given their specific rules each day by the chief to keep safe on patrol.The local police officers also like to become more involved with the community to make sure that their community feel safe, and are providing accurate service to them. State Law Enforcement State level policing is very different to local police because they do have Jurisdiction over the whole state that they work for. State police do have many functions because they do cover more ground area, which is within the city limits, and they also have those that patrol the highways. In about half of the states, the state police or highway patrol agency has the primary responsibility for enforcing traffic laws on the main highways (Walker- Katz, 2008) The state police also work with the local law enforcement conducting investigations, they also are on call for highway accidents. They also patrol for any impaired patrons on the road, and are especially on watch for speeders on the highways as well check for expired registration stickers for the vehicles. State police officers are also known as State Troopers or Highway Patrol. Federal Law Enforcement The federal law enforcement is incorporated into many organizations divided between the department of homeland security and the department of Justice. To mention some of the organizations in the department of homeland security are Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEAD). The federal law enforcement deal with issues such as immigration, drug sales, and importation, the regulation of weapons, and threats to domestic security such as terrorism.Federal law enforcement agencies have Jurisdiction over local and state agencies. Every organizations that involved federal law enforcement employees have their specific job duties, and the reason they are divided in two section is that after September 1 1, 2001, there was a substantial movement led by President George W. Bush to alter the organizational structu re of federal law enforcement in the United States. (Walker Katz, 2008) They do specialize in very high specialized crime investigations that involve human trafficking, or drug smuggling, which are the U. S.Customs and Border protection, who are on the checkpoint of cities and states on a 2417 basis making sure there is not anything illegal crossing over. They do have dogs that also part of the federal police that help them capture immigrants, or smell drugs in the area. They do have the toughest Job even though they do not have to respond to 9-11 calls, but they do come across very dangerous scenarios. As we are in the present day there are many topics that have been mentioned about hem becoming established laws. The one subject that is on the media is the legalization of cannabis for recreational use. As of today it has been legalized in Washington and Colorado for medical purposes only. Many argue that cannabis away from using it, and from driving while under the influence of marijuana. On the other hand many people argue that it will put a stop to crimes, and violence across the United States. As for the men and women in policing it will benefit them since people are sure the crimes will deter, and drug trafficking will be put to a stop. There eave been more arrests for possession of marijuana than anything else, maybe then the arrests can stop.It has been proven that alcohol and tobacco have killed more people than those that have been smoking with marijuana in their system. Police officers in reality need a break from stopping and arresting people for something that will not cause as much harm as other drugs; legalizing cannabis would be a way for police officers to really capture real criminals that have committed really violent crimes. Another law that wants to come into effect is the sentencing laws, which is a abate, because many inmates have been incarcerated for minor offenses or minor felonies.In this case many of them really need help or rehabilitation to become better individuals. The three strikes law is in the state of California, which basically after their third offense you will be incarcerated for many years. This law is not really fair since people do make mistakes, and at times it will take them many tries to get it right. This law should be repealed because it really is not giving the person any choice by law. Conclusion These three levels of law enforcement are created to protect society, and solve rimming investigations.

What to Sell Online 5 Steps to Pick the Perfect eCommerce Niche

Struggling with what to sell online? If youre planning to launch an eCommerce store, finding the perfect niche for your store is the first step in your journey.To discover a niche that works best for you, you can start by identifying some products you’re passionate about that have compelling brand potential. It also helps to determine a problem you can solve for your target market, and research the competition. This will all take some time, but help you achieve success far more quickly.In this article, we’ll talk about why deciding what to sell online is such an important choice, and how to settle on products that work best for you by finding a strong niche. Let’s get started! Deciding what you are going to sell may be the most important choice you make for your eCommerce store. The products you offer will impact every business decision you make, determine your brand identity, and shape your target market. In other words, making a smart decision here can mean the difference between success and failure.If this sounds like a lot of pressure, dont worry. Finding the right niche for your store can help a lot. A niche is a specialized market with a very specific focus (in contrast with a broader market such as clothing or electronics). Some niches can be very small, but, when it comes to eCommerce, its often easier to find success with a clearly-defined target audience.For example, lets say you sell clothing. This broad category can include all kinds of different products, from t-shirts and jackets to shoes and hats. Its difficult to promote your store to both a 13-year-old girl looking for a unicorn t-shirt and a 30-year-old man shopping for business attire. These audiences have very little in common, so you would need to put effort into attracting both separately.The solution to this problem is to find one niche to focus on. In this example, your niche could be mythological t-shirts or professional ties for men. These have two clear audiences, and either one can serve to narrow down your target audience and focus your marketing efforts. The trick lies in choosing the right niche for your particular store.How to find your eCommerce niche and decide what to sell online (in 5 steps)If youre struggling to decide what to sell online, you may need some more information to make your choice. The following five steps will help you get started with that process.1. Consider your interests or passionsA helpful way to begin brainstorming your niche is to think about your existing interests and passions. Consider the products you like to use now, your hobbies, and how you spend your free time. Its much harder to sell something you dont like or understand, so its useful to focus on products the resonate with you in some way.Some of the questions you can ask yourself at this stage include:What topics do you like to learn about?How do you spend your free time?What organizations do you belong to?What areas do you have specialized skills i n or knowledge about?For example, if you love the outdoors and like to go hiking and camping often, a store focused on outdoor wear or supplies might be a perfect fit. Youll be able to leverage your existing knowledge and passion to provide more value to the target audience for those kinds of products.2. Do some research into potential eCommerce nichesAs we mentioned earlier, having a clear niche can help you target your marketing  more effectively. At this point, you can use the ideas you generated in the previous section to settle on a niche.Lets say youre considering selling outdoor wear. Now you can start to think about who might be interested in this type of product, and what types of items fall into that category. For instance, outdoor wear might still be too broad a market. You could further specify your store by choosing to primarily sell backpacks or hiking boots. This will help you start to create your brand identity, and determine your target audience for marketing purp oses.If you still dont have a particular niche in mind, its also worth researching what markets are currently worthwhile investments. Googles Shopping Insights tool can be very valuable here. It lets you research specific niches and also compare how different niches are trending against one another.The tool gets pretty specific for example, it can tell you that the portable water filters niche is much more popular than the sleeping bag liners niche. More importantly, it can also tell you that the portable water filters niche seems to be growing, which you can see by the trend line:3. Determine a problem you can solve for your target marketSome of the most successful online businesses found their niche because they saw a problem that needed a solution. Once youve settled on a potential niche, youll need to think about what products will best meet their needs.If youve decided to sell hiking boots, for example, you may find that most of the options currently available are plain and fu nctional. Instead of following in that vein, you can stand out by offering boots that are far more stylish and attractive to your audience.You can find problems that may need solving by researching keywords using tools like:Moz Keyword Explorer  KWFinderGoogle AdsYoure looking to discover popular searches that are related to your audiences pain points (or problems you can solve):You can see that blisters might be a pain point for people interested in hiking shoes.You can also come up with product ideas by talking to your target market directly, or browsing forums and social media sites where they tend to hang out.4. Research your competition and find out how you can improve your nicheNo matter how specific your niche is, youre likely to have at least some competition. Of course, this isnt all bad, and can provide proof that your niche has the potential to be profitable. Still, youll need to ask yourself how you intend to stand out from the crowd.As you research your competition, y ou should keep an eye out for opportunities to do things a little differently. Maybe you can offer a higher-quality product or a new spin on an old design. Alternately, the only companies selling the same products may be dull and have very little branding. In general, people like buying from brands they can put a face to over large, corporate entities.Your goal here is to essentially find a niche within your niche. Once youve determined how you can do what your competitors are doing, but a little bit better, youll be well placed to start attracting customers your way.5. Generate product ideas based on your findingsNow that youve done your research and have plenty of information to work with, its time to come up with some product ideas. To do that, think about the pain points you identified during your research. For each idea you have, consider the following questions:Does the product fit comfortably in your niche?Would you use the product?How does it solve a problem?How is it differ ent from or better than the competition?To continue with our hiking boots example, the original idea stemmed out of a passion for the outdoors. After doing some research on outdoor products in general, we settled on hiking boots as a viable and specific niche. From there, we identified one of our target markets problems, which is a lack of stylish options. To meet that need, our store would focus on offering footwear that is both functional and more stylish than the competitions products.This is just one example, but it gives you an idea of the process thats involved. After determining your niche and settling on some products to start out with, all thats left is to  set up your online store  using something like WooCommerce, Shopify, or other eCommerce platforms!ConclusionStarting an online business can be an intimidating prospect. However, with the right products and the perfect niche, you’ll greatly increase your chances for success.To help you decide what to sell onlin e, you can follow these five steps:Consider your interests or passions.Do some research into eCommerce niches.Determine a problem you can solve for your target market.Research your competition and determine how you can improve your niche.Generate product ideas based on your findings. Unsure what to #sell online? Follow these 5 steps to pick an #eCommerce #niche 🛠Ã¯ ¸  Click To Tweet Do you have any questions about how to decide what to sell online and how to find your niche? Ask away in the comments section below!Free guide5 Essential Tips to Speed Up Your WordPress SiteReduce your loading time by even 50-80% just by following simple tips.

Developmental State Essays

Developmental State Essays Developmental State Essay Developmental State Essay Objective of the Study The general objective of this brief study Is to assess the Implementation of developmental state paradigm In Africa using a comparative perspective of Ethiopia and South Africa. Significance of ten study Glen ten coalescence AT Tentacle Ana south Attract as developmental exemplars and as pivotal economic, political, and strategic actors in Africa, it would be noteworthy to compare their respective experiences on the implementation of the developmental state paradigm as it is currently being promoted and considered as the proper model to achieve development pursuit of the two nations. Doing so, without doubt, provides important insights into the dynamics of development in the two countries and potential lessons which could help to further capitalize on existing initiatives. Methodology This study would exclusively relay on secondary sources for its data requirement while thorough review of existing literature and descriptive methods are used as method of analysis. Limitation and scope of the study The focus of this study is confined to the experience of Ethiopia and South Africa because of the limited time available and the capacity of the study team. Due to same reason e could not take the different development models and more countries to compare one another and show why they failed and/or succeeded. The findings of the study are not also backed by rigorous econometric or similar analysis, which can be considered as major limitation. The study team believes the findings could have been more comprehensive and reliable had they been based on a panel data of different variables. Organization of the study Being a brief term paper, this study is not organized in chapters rather we Just have 4 major titles as parts. Thirdly, it is still the only African state that reduced the extreme poverty level of its citizens dramatically by half(except China and Indonesia ). Fourthly, feudalism, a bulwark for industrialization, had been abolished some 40 years ago and an enabling precondition for tapping the rural extra labor for industrial sector is potentially enormous. Finally, and most importantly, the existence of developmental-oriented adhering guided by realistic vision and long term development strategy are features that define the emerging democratic developmental state in Ethiopia. In the case of South Africa, despite the governments clear willingness to bring about development and eradicate inequality and poverty, these economic policies have not produced such results. There were positive results such as economic growth, a decrease in the fiscal deficit and inflation levels and additional social grant. The issue is that, these policies have not found solutions to South African biggest problems poverty and unemployment. The case for a democratic developmental state in Ethiopia and South Africa, it comes with conditions. Most of the literatures seem to be in agreement that the two countries have a lot of work to do before a democratic developmental state can be achieved. Certain services need to become a priority such as ensuring that the people of the two countries have a higher living standard, maintenance of democracy and finally a working relationship has to exist between the state, the media, civil society, and the private sector. It has to become a national alluding project with all nationals of the respective countries contributing to it, the overall political economy of the countries has to grow and transform.

Case Study Development Team Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Development Team Project - Case Study Example Ong before started off the hotel chain was the founder of Club 21 which is luxury retail and manages all the top most fashion brands such as Giorgio Armani etc. The Halkin Hotel was the first that was established in London and the company than added on more properties in a span of few years. In the hospitality industry it is very important for any company to establish high quality standards of services so as to facilitate the travel experience of the guest. The intangible products are added value through the gesture and behavior of the people delivering the services. The aim of the COMO group is to produce an exceptional experience and a memorable stay at their hotels and resorts. The company thinks itself to be a part of the community in which ever location it selects to perform the business operations. One of the most exceptional qualities of the company is that it believes that creating memorable moments for the guest is very important for the companies in hospitality industry but it is equally important to support the environment, economies and the local cultures (Ross, Lashley 96). The company even aims at delivering the best of services to its guests in the form of the best quality foods served at its restaurants, quick room services, organizing some game for shows its guests, and even developing the best of infrastructure so that the guests staying at their hotels would have a homely as well as exotic experience. The qualities that the group possesses have made the company on many awards in the past few years for its beautiful properties, architectural designs, restaurants etc and even made the name of the company occur in may esteemed magazines. COMO hotels and resorts have incorporated some of the well known designers in its operation so that the guest can have a pleasant stay in their hotels both in the time of locations as well as properties. There is one more outstanding quality that the

Amy Chua's thesis concerning ethnic conflict and free markets Essay

Amy Chua's thesis concerning ethnic conflict and free markets - Essay Example Her hypothesis argues that a state turns into a hyperpower (a state of influence even higher than a superpower) only after it encompasses all ethnic and religious elements under an umbrella where all may co-exist in their own form without any pressure to conform. This, in her view, is the kind of democracy which would pave way for a journey inclined towards turning the state into a hyperpower. Similarly, once this diversity in terms of ethnicity or religion turns into conflict for existence and influence, the state is bound to lose its power and collapse. In order to critically analyze the hypothesis, the socio-economic scenario of the present day China would be taken as a case study and an insight into the ethnic and religious conflicts would be taken to see the deterrence behind China achieving its status of hyperpower. Prior to applying Chua`s hypothesis on present day China, the current power struggle dynamics in China need to be analyzed. Though apparently China is rising exponentially as one of the global economic powers of the world, it is also an undeniable fact the internal dynamics in China pose a threat to the long term development goal of the state, and owing to these internal dynamics, various negative indicators emerge which lead China towards a saturation point. These very internal dynamics deter China from reaching its true potential, despite diplomatic excellence and economic dominance in the world, its position isn`t as close to being a hyper-power as it should be. Since the past 30 years or so, China has been aiming to improve its internal development indicators and its progress in terms of dealing with its domestic issues (Hao & Cho 11). Yet, it`s a given fact that even today China faces many problems at home which include poverty, class gap, inequality, corruption, social reforms , demographic challenges, ageing population and environmental

Juvenile justice Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Juvenile justice - Thesis Example It is strongly felt that the best institutions that could try child or juvenile offenders need to be Juvenile Courts, and not adult Courts. This is because of the two principal reasons: 2. At their tender age, what is more important is the ability of the system to take correctional and rehabilitative measures to bring the offender back into the mainstream in order to do productive and useful work in future. By incarcerating the child to jail sentences, their future lives are spoiled and even after their sentences are completed, it may be too late to being them back into the mainstream of social life, and thus, later, they would prove burdens for themselves and society and may indulge in large-scale criminal activities due to non-correctional measures. Children and juveniles are not in a position to offer strong defense in adult courts of law because of their cognitive disabilities and other limitations because of which their position would be marginalized in adult Courts and they would not be in a position to defend themselves as well as they could possibly be able to do in Juvenile Courts, which would need to take more compassionate perspective of their crimes and misdemeours and pass judgments, based on individual characteristics of the crime and perceived 'child criminal. The aspect of children being tried in adult Courts is a social problem and s... Judgments need to be based on rehabilitative and correctional therapy and not designed to be punitive based. The aspect of children being tried in adult Courts is a social problem and sociologists, child behavioral specialists and child psychologists need to feel the responsibility of ensuring that the incidence of such cases are kept to the minimum. However, when one has to judge the severity of the crime, especially murder or rape, there needs to be a greater degree of autonomy to be granted to the legal process in trying such serious offenses and meting out punishment to the offenders, whether under-age or adult. This research study would take up the matter of trying children and its short and long-term implications upon society. The research question is: Should children or Juveniles be tried in adult courts Literature Review: In order to understand the progression of this hypothesis, it is necessary to go back to history. The aspects of juvenile Courts are a recent phenomenon. During the 18th Century, an offender who was above 7 years of age would be treated as adults. It was believed during that time that children below 7 years lacked moral capacity, and was thus devoid of giving consent. It has been documented that, before the 20th Century, 10 children below 14 years of age were awarded capital punishment in US for committing heinous crimes. (Stolba, 2001). The combination of child offenders with adult criminals in prison settings created social unrest, so much so that the "Society for the prevention of juvenile delinquents " was formed in 1925. With the primary objective of rehabilitating juvenile offenders. Since the majority of

The Actual Cause Of The Hundred Years War

The Actual Cause Of The Hundred Years War The actual cause of the war was between France and England over who was the heir to the throne. (Which Throne?) After the death of Frances Charles lV, both France and England claimed the crown because Charles had left no direct successor. Edward lll, King of England, asserted that he in fact had a superior claim to the throne because his mother was Philip the Fairs daughter. This then, was one of the primary causes of the Hundred Years War. The economic conflict was clearly another cause of this great war. England had major financial interest in the wool industry in Flanders and France supported the Scots in their wars against England. England had much better troops, a more efficient government and thousands of English soldiers were more than willing to campaign in France, and get rich in the process. The Hundred Years War is broken up into three stages or phases. The first lasted until the signature of the Treaty of Bretigny in 1360(1337-1360). The second phase lasted from 1360-1413 when Henry V became king, and the third phase lasted from 1413-1453. The first phase was marked by English victories in France and alliances with French feudal lords. The second phase was marked by English inactivity and French raids keeping The English on the defensive. The third phase began with major and dramatic English victories but ended in defeat and Englands nearly complete withdrawal from France. The entire war is just a series of on and off warfare against France and England, from(1337-1453). The war was nothing more than sieges, raids, sea and land battles, and long periods truce. The counts of Flanders were vassals to the king of France, but the English saw Flanders as their major center for their foreign trade due to its cloth manufacture. The English also controlled southern France after Eleanor of Aquitaine married King Henry ll in the mid 12th century. Therefore the French were allies with the Scots to control a northern stronghold, called the Auld Alliance. The two countries also fought over the English channel and the north sea. In 1337, King Phillip Vl of France moved his troops to the English control of Aquitaine. In 1340, the English won a major naval victory at Sluys. King Edward lll then declared himself King of France. In 1346, the English forces defeated the French at Crecy, and then in 1347, the English captured Calais. In 1350, John ll became King of France after Philip Vl died. In 1356 when the English defeated the French at Poitiers King John ll was captured. He died in 1346. IN 1360, the Treaty of Bretigny was signed, giving the English complete control of Aquitaine and ending the first phase of the long war. As the war dragged on the English lost land and money causing the English peasants to revolt in 1381. After the Treaty of Troyes in 1420, King Henry V was recognized as heir to the French throne. Then in 1427 after both Henry V and Charles V died Henry Vl was heir to the throne despite being an infant. After the war, the English lost focus on controlling continental territory and began to strengthen its maritime supremacy. The most significant result was that the nobility and secular leaders were busy fighting each other at a time when western Europe desperately needed leadership. Each side had their advantages. Henry V was a master of siege warfare, allowing for major English victories. Towns ere encircled by protective forts. Attack methods included blockades, digging tunnels, and catapults used to hurl rocks, flaming arrows, and filth into the air. The siege cannon, used after 1400, led to the end of the castle and fort. Sea battles involved 20-50 castle like ships. Generally, the English won on the sea. French had a population around 16,000,000 far richer and populous than England. At one point, the French fielded an army of over 50,000 compared to the Britains who maybe mustered up 32,000. In almost every engagement the English were outnumbered. Britains most successful strategies were avoiding pitched battles, engaging in quick, profitable raids, steal what you can and destroy everything else. The use of the English defensive positions was the use of the longbow. The arrows could penetrate an inch of wood or the armor of a Knight at 200 yards. A longbow could also be fired more rapidly, and was affective than a crossbow. Henry landed in Normandy intending on taking Calais, having 2,000 infantry and 6,000 archers and some primitive cannon. His drive was blocked by many heavily armored French knight who obviously forgot the lessons of Crecy and Poitiers. The war brought about dissimilar results for the French and the English. Both countries saw an increase in their monarchial rule, it was due to different reasons. England couldnt hold on in France and effectively rule the burden was too great. U nlike France, over the course of the war England also experienced a strengthening of the parliament. The French on the other hand experienced a increase in monarchial authority due to the peoples recognition and complaints with the feudal systems shortcomings, including its limitations in fighting and protection of the serfs. The eventual expulsion of the English and the consolidation of the kingdom made France one of the greatest counties during this time period.

GMO Foods :: Science Agriculture Papers

GMO Foods A great deal of controversy has arisen with the advent of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), especially surrounding the production, sale, and consumption of genetically modified foods. Many people are concerned, if not convinced, that the consumption of GMO foods by human beings may pose serious health risks. The concern is centered around the notion that there could potentially be various different unforeseen consequences due to the consumption of GMO foods. In addressing potential side effects and byproducts of the creation of transgenic foods, such as potential toxicity and allergenicity, it was found that the possibility and probability of these side effects are being regularly assessed and precautions are being taken to detect and avoid them. Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) was also taken into consideration and though it is indeed possible that gene transfer of the genetically modified (GM) gene into the DNA of mammalian cells could occur, it would not have any persisten t or negative effect on the recipient. HGT into microorganisms might be a concern if antibiotic resistance was conveyed to the recipient but in light of this fact resistance to key antibiotics is not used in the creation of GMOs. Therefore, the overall potential of GM foods to have negative effects on human health due to the aforementioned phenomena is negligible. Introduction The commercial production and consumption of Genetically Modified (GM) foods is perceived by many to be a novel technology that has been poorly evaluated and could potentially be harmful to humans. Though these foods seem very new, the first regulatory approval of GM crops occurred in 1995 (A. Konig et al., 2004). It was in the mid-1980s that the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and the US Office of Science and Technology Policy were working to assess the safety and need for regulation of GM crops and any other foods produced using GM crops. That puts us back at least twenty years from today in our ongoing scrutiny of the safety of GM foods.

Hubungan Tenaga Kerja

Individual project: Research current theories in employment relations I. Traditional perspectives on the employment relationship. Traditional perspectives are important because they express the different assumptions that other make about the nature of organization, the fundamental nature of the relationship between workers and employers, and the characteristics of the society within which work organization exist and function. The three views are most frequently referred to as the unitary, pluralist and Marxist perspectives.The Marxist/ radical perspective is sometimes referred to as the Conflict Model. Each offers a particular perception of workplace relations and will therefore interpret such events as workplace conflict, the role of trade unions and job regulation very differently. 2. 1 the unitary perspective In Unitary perspective, the organization is perceived as an integrated and harmonious whole with the ideal of â€Å"one happy family†, where management and other membe rs of the staff all share a common purpose, emphasizing mutual cooperation.Furthermore, unitary has a paternalistic approach where it demands loyalty of all employees, being predominantly managerial in its emphasis and application. 2. 2. 1 management style management’s right to manage and make decision is seen as rational, legitimate and acceptable to all ( Salamon 1987) its mean there is only one source of power and authority. 2. 2. 2 roles of parties For the management have to provide good communication skill and also strong leadership skill. The employees roles should be loyal to organization and management. 2. 2. employment relations perspective The aggressive style of management (strong emphasis on HRM such commonality and organizational goal) that can promote the avoidance or marginalization of trade unions 2. 2. 4 weakness/critisms A narrow approach that neglects cause of conflict, fails to explain the prevalence of conflict within organization. Assumption that all man agement decisions are rational and will take care of employee needs.Does not take account for uneven distribution of power among employees and employers in the decision making process. . 2. 5 a unitary perspective, which informs in human resource management (HRM) HRM also knew as modern form that approach by unitarism perspective to industrial relations characteristics, that is. The management of the employment relationship primary from the perspective of the employer. This can be refer in the main focus of HRM. Such as plan human resource requirement, recruit and hire employees, train and manage employee performance, reward employees and dismissal or retire employee. The two main forms within the HRM approach are known as: . Soft HRM is developmental humanism, 2. Hard HRM is instrumental integration of employees into company objective. This two perspective to HRM can also be seen as the best practice approach and contingency approach. 2. 2 the pluralism perspective In The pluralism perspective the manager approve foster freedom of expression and the development of groups, which establish their own norms and choose their own informal leaders. Organization Power is diffused among the main bargaining groups within the employment relationships (no-one dominates).Because of the power and control arise in several areas of the organisation and loyalty is commanded by the leaders of the groups, which are often in competition with each other for resources. Pluralist perspective regards conflict as inevitable because employers and employees have conflicting interests; trade unions are seen as a legitimate counter to management authority. This is mean, represents good leadership, although sometimes it can be difficult to achieve the necessary balance, in which the interests of all stakeholders have to be taken into account.The management style under pluralist perspective focuses on consensus building. However, according to Rensis Likert, when employees become involved i n solving work-related problems and making decisions, they become involved in what they are doing and committed to the achievement of successful outcomes (Likert, 1961). 2. 3. 6 roles of parties Management will attempt to reconcile conflicting and keep the conflict within acceptable bound so that does not destroy the organization. Employees will accept mutual adjustment and will constantly push for their own goals . 3. 7 employment relations perspective The role of government was to develop and manage the framework and, through legislation, to ensure that conciliation or arbitration was available to the parties to achieve a binding consensus. 2. 3. 8 weakness/critisms The concept of pluralism is inextricably linked to the idea of democracy (Flanders 1965). The reality is that workplace is not a democracy. In Power context is not evenly diffused: it is typically weighted towards management in the workplace.Pluralist thinking lends itself to the conclusion that there is a simple and s traightforward set of processes that resolve conflict, and that conflict can be readily managed through rules, regulations and processes. 2. 3. 9 a pluralist perspective, leading to ‘ neo-institutional’ approaches. Neo-institutional approach emerged in an attempt to extend the pluralist thingking for the role of ‘rule making’ in the employment relationship. they have Two type of the rules : formal / informal rules, substantive/ procedural rules.And this rules are made as a result of the forces and imperatives of capitalst social relations, in society and workeplace. And some others features. 2. 3 marximst perspective The radical or Marxist perspective sees industrial conflict as an aspect of class conflict. The solution to worker alienation and exploitation is the overthrow of the capitalist system. 2. 4. 10 general philosophy Inherent and irreconcilable conflict. 2. 4. 11 management style Management is focused upon extracting the maximum amount of labour f rom the workforce.Under modern capitalism, this seen more sophisticated managerial applications such as TQM or HRM. 2. 4. 12 roles of parties Roles employees challenging management control in demand and obtain as much as they can. For employers to make extract as much as possible 2. 4. 13 employment relations perspective The Marxist perspectives argue that the balance of power between capital and labour promoted in the pluralist perspective is illusionary (Salamon 1987). In the context of power relations, a balance is achieved through the implicit knowledge that employers can withdraw their capital and employees cab withdraw their labour. . 4. 14 weakness/critisms Preoccupied with conflict: obscures any cooperation or shared goals between management and workers. Capital is not homogenous: competition among capitalists. The theory was formulated at a time when labour did not have a representative political view. 2. 4. 15 radical perspective, which enables a ‘labour process†™ approach. Because management’s goals and labor’s goals are in the long term—opposed, it cannot also be assumed that management will be able to capture all of the potential labour. Management is obliged to seek increased effort.Labour may not always agree, especially when the extra effort only goes to making increased profits for the employer. Because the employment relationship is open-ended, management needs some system of controlling and improving labour effort, and the relationship is constantly renegotiated. Braverman identified the first major method through which management sought to control labour, such as Productivity through deskilling labour. Braverman also argued that Taylorism and scientific management are strategies to maximise the conversion of potential into actual labour, by simplifying the work process and minimizing employee discretion.Some researchers argued that Braverman oversimplified the complexity of management’s strategies. Fr iedman, for example, argued that management could either use ‘direct control’ as outlined by Braverman or it could use more sophisticated, commitment-based strategies.IV. references books: * Teicher, J. , Holland, P. , and Gough. R (Eds. ), (2006). Employee Relations Management, 2nd Edition. French Forest, NSW: Prentice-Hall. * Nankervis, A. , Compton, R. , and Baird, M. (2008) Human Resource Management: strategies & precesses, South Melbourne : Cengage Learning Australia. Stone, R. J. (2008). Human Resource Management. (6th ed. ). Brisbane, Australia: John Wiley & Sons. * De Cieri, H. , Kramar, R. , Noe, R. A. , Hollenbeck, J. R. , Gerhart, B. & Wright, P. M. (2005). Human Resource Management in Australia (2nd ed. ). Australia: McGraw-Hill. * Dessler, G, (2004). Human Resource Management. (10th Ed. ), New Jersey: Prentice Hall. * Dessler, G. , Griffiths, J. & Lloyd-Walker, B. (2007). HRM. (3rd Ed. ), Australia: Pearson Education. * Sappey, R. , Burgess, J. , Lyons, M. & Buultjens, J. (2009). Industrial Relations in Australia Work and Workplaces (2nd ed. ). Australia: Pearson.Online resource:  http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Human_resourceshttp://www.thefreelibrary.com/Unitarism,+Pluralism,+and+Human+Resource+Management+in+Germany-a057816024 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Industrial_relations http://www. brighthub. com/office/project-management/articles/77199. aspx

Prayer Of The Refugee The Story of a True Struggle Professor Ramos Blog

Prayer Of The Refugee The Story of a True Struggle TOPSHOT Thousands of migrants and refugees walk through the port of Piraeus after arriving from the Greek islands of Lesbos and Chios on February 1, 2016. On average, more than 1,900 people have arrived each day this month on Greek islands on unseaworthy boats from Turkey, according to the UN, which put the total of new arrivals in January at more than 50,000. More than 31,000 people have been registered on Lesbos during that time, the UN added. / AFP / LOUISA GOULIAMAKI (Photo credit should read LOUISA GOULIAMAKI/AFP/Getty Images) When you go shopping for yourself, have you ever wondered where or who made that nice shirt or those pair of shoes you been wanting? The majority of the time, the items we purchase at retail stores usually comes from places overseas made by children that we refer to as refugees. It’s sad to imagine a world where children are being put to work for little to no pay living in unhealthy dangerous camps. Corporations usually do this to create mass productions of their product without having to pay their workers the right amount of money they deserve. Most of the time, these works are people young enough to be your own child or little brother and sister. Think twice before you purchase something that was imported from somewhere overseas. Many refugees flee their country to escape the horrible living arrangements they face in their home country. Even still, they are forced to work in slave-like conditions where ever they flee too. â€Å"Lebanon has a population of just over 4 million people, a quarter of whom are Syrians who escaped the escalating civil crisis in their home country† (Nash 2016). Even when they get to a place where they think is safe, they are still being put to work and forced to live in camps. â€Å"According to a report by Freedom Fund, an antislavery activist group, refugee families are forced to live in tent communities- known as shawish and undertake labor obligations† Syrian internally displaced people walk in the Atme camp, along the Turkish border in the northwestern Syrian province of Idlib, on March 19, 2013. The conflict in Syria between rebel forces and pro-government troops has killed at least 70,000 people, and forced more than one million Syrians to seek refuge abroad. AFP PHOTO/BULENT KILIC (Photo credit should read BULENT KILIC/AFP/Getty Images) (Nash2016). This is the type of reality poor young children are forced to live in and pray for a better change. These refugee camps are unhealthy, dangerous, and horrible way for anyone to be put through, especially children. They contain diseases and unhealthy water sources along with multiple other unhealthy methods that can be even worse than prison. â€Å"In fact, the literature widely documents the association between poor housing conditions, characterized by the presence of humidity/mold, indoor pollutants, infestation, and the absence of a source of heating on the one hand, and reported illnesses by household members, such as dizziness, headache, irritation of eyes and skin, upper respiratory tract infection and an increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases† (Habib p.13). When you compare these living conditions to our prisons, you will see that it seems worse than some prisons out there. These people work hard for no pay and live in these dangerous conditions as if they did something to be punished yet they have done nothing to deserve it. Imagine your young loved one s being put through these conditions every day of their lives just so we can go out and buy the product we have no idea who is making it in the first place. There are some of the refugees out there that are trying to make their way to the U.S. yet, that is difficult to accomplish. Oftentimes, the children have to come here alone and leave their families behind. The ones that do however make it out here may sometimes land in dangerous situations. â€Å"The investigation found that some of the children have ended up in dangerous situations. At least a dozen have been turned over to human traffickers, including six  who were lured by smugglers to Mr. Portman’s state, where they were put to work illegally on an egg farm for no pay. One was 14 years old† (Dickerson 2018).   These children are only trying to find a better life through coming to the U.S. and sometimes still finding the same reality they’re running from. Finding happiness for these innocent people may sometimes seem impossible. â€Å"Children traveling alone surged across the southern border under Mr. Obama in 2014 when border agents apprehended 68,541 trying to enter the United States. About 41,000 have been apprehended in the current fiscal year, a 16 percent increase from the same period in 2017† (Dickerson 2018). Those are the numbers of real children coming onto our land hoping in search for a better future when that may not even be what they actually find. These are the ones slaving away making the majority of the clothing or products we purchase on the daily without realizing it. Any product you purchase from out of our country can have a real story to it and who’s hands they came from. I chose the song â€Å"Prayer of the Refugee† by Rise Against because it is a perfect representation of the lifestyle of a refugee that only wishes for a better life for them and their family. Tim McEllrath (artist of Rise Against) sheds light for those poor individuals by singing this song as it came out of their own mouths and displayed the hardship of an everyday lifestyle of a refugee. This song had so much depth meaning to it and can move you more by the visuals the music video contains. Rise Against is a band that was formed in 1999 with songs that support many great organizations such as PETA, animal rights, and more. Their goal is to shed more light on many important situations in the world that we pay no attention too. Being so blind to many  of these situations or just choosing to not pay attention is was most of us are guilty of and we need to start making a change in the way we live our daily lives. I chose this specific song out of all of their meaningful songs they have because of the simple fact that this crisis is happening to young children who deserve nothing but to be loved and cared for by the people that are taking full advantage of them. These children are no more different than the children in your own life. I just hope one day, these children and families will find the life they deserve and be able to live on with the fact the no one is trying to take advantage of them and use them to make a quick dollar. Annotated Bibliography Syrian Refugee Children in Lebanon Are Working in Slave-Like Conditions: Report.  By:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jenkins, Nash, Time.com, 4/12/2016 This article lays out briefly what the conditions of a Syrian Refugee under â€Å"forced work† with little to no pay. Jenkins explains how they are fleeing their home country and landing at Lebanon for slightly better living conditions. Harboring illnesses: On the association between disease and living conditions in a Palestinian refugee camp: Report. By: Habib Rima R., Basma, Shiraz H., Yeretzian, Joumana S.   International Journal of Environmental Health Research. Apr2006, Vol. 16 Issue 2, p99-111. 13p. 5 Charts. International Journal of Environmental Health Research sheds light on unhealthy living that refugee camps have to offer. Allows the reader to fully understand the hardship the youth of Palestinian have to go through on a daily basis. Gives full detail upon every aspect as well as charts of diseases. An American Tune: Refugee Children in U.S. Public Schools: Report. By: Weddle, Daniel B. Kansas Journal of Law Public Policy. Summer2018, Vol. 27 Issue 3, p434-456. 23p. This article displays the lives of refugee children coming to the U.S. to have the opportunity of a better life. To be able to have an education and a roof over their heads without having to be put through harsh times and slave work. Also shows the hardship they still have to deal with living in the U.S. as a refugee